44 research outputs found
Bayesian sensitivity analysis of incomplete data: bridging patternâmixture and selection models
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109600/1/sim6302.pd
A Bayesian model for longitudinal count data with non-ignorable dropout
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73907/1/j.1467-9876.2008.00628.x.pd
Is Acute High-Dose Secondhand Smoke Exposure Always Harmful to Microvascular Function in Healthy Adults?
Prev Cardiol.Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated with impaired vascular function. The authors investigated the vascular and blood pressure (BP) reactions to acute SHS exposure. Twenty-five healthy nonsmoking adults underwent a 1-hour exposure to SHS (mean fine particulate matter <2.5âÎŒm level=315±116âÎŒg/m 3 ). Microvascular endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) (EndoPAT, Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel) and aortic hemodynamics/compliance (SphygmoCor, AtCor Medical, West Ryde, Australia) were measured before and after the SHS exposure with BP measured every 15âminutes during and for a 24-hour period before and after the exposure. SHS exposure did not change EDV, aortic hemodynamics, arterial compliance, or 24-hour BP. However, diastolic BP significantly increased during the SHS exposure period by 3.4±5.6âmm Hg. Our brief SHS exposure did not impair microvascular endothelial function or arterial compliance in healthy nonsmoking adults, but brachial diastolic BP increased.Prev Cardiol. 2010;13:175â179. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79199/1/j.1751-7141.2010.00074.x.pd
The impact of culture on physiological processes of emotion regulation: a comparison of US and Chinese preschoolers
Cognitive determinants of emotion regulation, such as effortful control, have been hypothesized to modulate young children's physiological response to emotional stress. It is unknown, however, whether this model of emotion regulation generalizes across Western and nonâWestern cultures. The current study examined the relation between both behavioral and questionnaire measures of effortful control and densely sampled, stressâinduced cortisol trajectories in U.S. and Chinese preschoolers. Participants were 3â to 5â yearâold children recruited from the United States (N = 57) and Beijing, China (N = 60). Consistent with our hypothesis, U.S. children showed a significant negative relation between maternalârated inhibitory control and both cortisol reactivity and recovery. However, this was not replicated in the Chinese sample. Children in China showed a significant positive relation between maternalârated attentional focusing and cortisol reactivity that was not seen in the U.S. Results suggest that children who reside in Western and nonâWestern cultures have different predictors of their emotionârelated stress response.We compared associations between specific effortful control subcomponents and stressâinduced cortisol trajectories in preschool children residing in the U.S. and China. U.S. preschoolers showed an expected negative association between maternalârated inhibitory control with cortisol reactivity and recovery. In contrast, Chinese preschoolers showed a positive association between maternalârated attentional focusing and cortisol reactivity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111122/1/desc12227.pd
Enhancing self-regulation as a strategy for obesity prevention in Head Start preschoolers: the growing healthy study
Abstract
Background
Nearly one in five 4-year-old children in the United States are obese, with low-income children almost twice as likely to be obese as their middle/upper-income peers. Few obesity prevention programs for low-income preschoolers and their parents have been rigorously tested, and effects are modest. We are testing a novel obesity prevention program for low-income preschoolers built on the premise that children who are better able to self-regulate in the face of psychosocial stressors may be less likely to eat impulsively in response to stress. Enhancing behavioral self-regulation skills in low-income children may be a unique and important intervention approach to prevent childhood obesity.
Methods/design
The Growing Healthy study is a randomized controlled trial evaluating two obesity prevention interventions in 600 low-income preschoolers attending Head Start, a federally-funded preschool program for low-income children. Interventions are delivered by community-based, nutrition-education staff partnering with Head Start. The first intervention (nâ=â200), Preschool Obesity Prevention Series (POPS), addresses evidence-based obesity prevention behaviors for preschool-aged children and their parents. The second intervention (nâ=â200) comprises POPS in combination with the Incredible Years Series (IYS), an evidence-based approach to improving self-regulation among preschool-aged children. The comparison condition (nâ=â200) is Usual Head Start Exposure. We hypothesize that POPS will yield positive effects compared to Usual Head Start, and that the combined intervention (POPSâ+âIYS) addressing behaviors well-known to be associated with obesity risk, as well as self-regulatory capacity, will be most effective in preventing excessive increases in child adiposity indices (body mass index, skinfold thickness). We will evaluate additional child outcomes using parent and teacher reports and direct assessments of food-related self-regulation. We will also gather process data on intervention implementation, including fidelity, attendance, engagement, and satisfaction.
Discussion
The Growing Healthy study will shed light on associations between self-regulation skills and obesity risk in low-income preschoolers. If the project is effective in preventing obesity, results can also provide critical insights into how best to deliver obesity prevention programming to parents and children in a community-based setting like Head Start in order to promote better health among at-risk children.
Trial registration number
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01398358http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112539/1/12889_2012_Article_4758.pd
Effects of the Girls on the Move randomized trial on adiposity and aerobic performance (secondary outcomes) in low-income adolescent girls
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151987/1/ijpo12559_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151987/2/ijpo12559.pd
Prior Medications and the Cardiovascular Benefits From Combination AngiotensinâConverting Enzyme Inhibition Plus Calcium Channel Blockade Among HighâRisk Hypertensive Patients
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142520/1/jah32856_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142520/2/jah32856.pd
Cross- lagged associations between behaviour problems and obesity in head start preschoolers
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155893/1/ijpo12627_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155893/2/ijpo12627.pd
The Figure Rating Scale as an Index of Weight Status of Women on Videotape
Objective: To determine whether Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale (FRS) is a valid and reliable index of weight status when an unbiased observer assigns the figure ratings of adult women viewed on videotape. Research Methods and Procedures: Seventyâtwo women drawn from a community sample participated in a videotaped study in which height and weight were measured. The FRS is a rating scale displaying 9 silhouettes ranging from very thin to very obese. Women were assigned a figure rating âinâpersonâ by a research assistant (FRS used as a 17âpoint scale) and by additional research assistants viewing women only on videotape (FRS used as both a 17â and 9âpoint scale). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for inâperson figure ratings, mean videotape figure ratings, and BMI. Results: BMI and inâperson figure ratings were highly correlated ( r = 0.91), as were BMI and both mean 17âpoint videotape figure ratings and mean 9âpoint videotape figure ratings ( r = 0.89 and 0.87, respectively). Interârater agreement for inâperson figure ratings and mean 17âpoint videotape figure ratings was 0.86, and agreement between inâperson figure ratings and mean 9âpoint videotape figure ratings was 0.82. Discussion: The FRS can be used as an index of women's weight status by an unbiased observer, with subjects viewed inâperson or on videotape.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93750/1/oby.2006.249.pd
Predictors of Recovery from Prenatal Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy Through Postpartum
Abstract Background: Identifying predictors of the course of depressive symptoms from pregnancy through postpartum is important to inform clinical interventions. Methods: This longitudinal study investigated predictors of recovery from prenatal elevated depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. Forty-one pregnant women completed demographic, interpersonal, and psychosocial self-report assessment measures at 32 weeks of gestation and again 12 weeks postpartum. Results: Of those with elevated depressive symptoms, defined as a Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score â„10, at the prenatal baseline, 39% (n=16) recovered to nonelevated symptom levels postpartum, whereas 61% (n=25) experienced sustained elevated symptoms. Women who recovered evidenced significantly lower baseline depression severity and more frequent engagement in physical activity and cohabitated with a romantic partner. In multiparous women (n=25), history of past postpartum depression (PPD) differentiated between those with transient and those with persisting symptoms, although history of lifetime depression did not. None of the additional demographic, interpersonal, or psychosocial variables investigated differentiated between groups. Logistic regression analysis showed prenatal depression severity and exercise frequency as predictors of recovery postpartum. Conclusions: Results suggest most women will not experience spontaneous recovery. Women with prenatal heightened symptom severity and previous experiences with PPD are acutely vulnerable to experience sustained symptoms. In contrast, having a cohabitating partner and engagement in prenatal exercise predicted symptom improvement. Physical exercise may be an important clinical recommendation, as it may improve mood. Given the small sample size, these results are preliminary. Implications and future research recommendations are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98461/1/jwh%2E2010%2E2266.pd